- 18 U.S.C. § 1466A: Obscene Visual Representations of the Sexual Abuse of Children
- 18 U.S.C. § 2251(a): Production of Child Pornography / Sexual Exploitation of Children
- 18 U.S.C. § 2251(d)(1): Advertisement
- 18 U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(1) and § 2252(a)(1): Transportation of Child Pornography
- 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(2) and 2252A(a)(2): Receipt of Child Pornography
- 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(2) and 2252A(a)(2): Distribution of Child Pornography
- 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(4)(B) and § 2252A(a)(5)(B): Possession of Child Pornography
- 18 U.S.C. § 2252A(g): Child Exploitation Enterprise
- 18 U.S.C. § 2422. Coercion and Enticement
- 18 U.S.C. § 2423(a): Transportation of Minors
- Child Pornography Conspiracy and Attempt
- Common Terms
Appendix D: Other Tests
Chapter 4: Psychological Evaluations
Appendix D: Other Tests
MINNESOTA MULTIPHASIC PERSONALITY INVENTORY-2 (MMPI-2)
The MMPI-2 is the most common psychometric test devised to assess personality traits and psychopathology.[1] The data can be used to draw conclusions about both an individual’s psychopathy or to compare their psychological characteristics to the norm. The MMPI-2 is useful in assisting in the diagnosis of mental disorders and guiding the selection of appropriate treatment methods. It must be administered by an experienced clinical psychologist or psychiatrist, and takes between 1 and 1.5 hours to complete.
The MMPI-2 is a 567 item, true/false self-report measure of a person’s psychological state. It includes multiple validity scales that assess whether or not the person is responding truthfully. The test can be used for both male and female adults.
The MMPI-2 does not have a scale to determine whether or not a person is a pedophile or a sex offender, and therefore cannot establish whether a person is a sex offender. It can only be used to provide information about personality characteristics, which can be useful in the overall analysis of a case.
[1] Floyd, A. E. & Gupta, V. (2023). Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Information. StatPearls.; Mike Drayton, The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2), Occupational Medicine, Volume 59, Issue 2, March 2009, Pages 135–136, https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqn182
SOCIAL RESPONSIVENESS SCALE, SECOND EDITION (SRS-2)
The SRS-2 identifies the presence and severity of social impairment with the autism spectrum and differentiates it from that which occurs in other disorders.[2] It can also be used to monitor symptoms over time. Five treatment subscale scores are provided in addition to a total score: Social Awareness, Social Cognition, Social Communication, Social Motivation, and Restricted Interests and Repetitive Behavior. Higher SRS-2 scores are associated with more severe social impairments.
[2] (SRSTM-2) Social Responsiveness Scale, second edition. (SRSTM-2) Social Responsiveness ScaleTM, Second Edition. (n.d.). https://www.wpspublish.com/srs-2-social-responsiveness-scale-second-edition
CHILD PORNOGRAPHY OFFENDER RISK TOOL, VERSION 2 (CPORT-2)
The CPORT-2 is a structured risk assessment checklist for ranking the likelihood that adult males convicted of child pornography offenses will sexually reoffend.[3] CPORT scores do not predict sexual recidivism among people with child pornography-only offenses because of the low base rate of sexual recidivism in this group, but their lower risk is reflected by lower CPORT scores. While the developers do not recommend using the probability estimates without further validation research, the CPORT can still be useful for ranking individuals by risk score and reporting information in a structured way.
CPORT-2 includes the following items:
- Age at the time of the index investigation (1 point scored if 35 or younger)
- Any prior criminal history, including non-sex offenses
- Any prior failure on supervised release such as probation, parole, or conditional release
- Any prior or index contact sexual offending (charge or conviction)
- Indication (admission or diagnosis) of pedophilic interests
- Because self-report of sexual interest in children is vulnerable to manipulation, the CASIC can be used as a substitute item (see below). A CASIC score of 3 or more results in assigning one point for this item.
- More boy than girl content in child pornography material
- More boy than girl content in other child related materials, excluding child pornography content
[3] Seto, M. C., & Eke, A. W. (2015). Predicting recidivism among adult male child pornography offenders: Development of the Child Pornography Offender Risk Tool (CPORT). Law and Human Behavior, 39, 416 – 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000128
CORRELATES OF ADMISSION OF SEXUAL INTEREST IN CHILDREN (CASIC)
The admission of sexual interest in children is a risk factor for sexual recidivism, and is an item measured by the CPORT, but is subject to manipulation. The CASIC was developed to assess pedophilic interest using behavioral correlates of admission of sexual interest in children. The CASIC items consist of yes/no questions, with yes=1 and no=0. The total CASIC score is the summation of these scores.
- Never married
- Child pornography video possession
- Child pornography stories
- Evidence interest in children spanned two or more years
- Volunteering in a role with high access to children
- Engaging in online sexual communications with a minor or officer posing as a minor
